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Enhanced Antitrust Criminal Penalty and Leniency Provisions

The Antitrust Criminal Penalty Enhancement and Reform Act of 2004, signed into law on June 22, 2004, as part of H.R. 1086, increased penalties for violations of the Sherman Act while increasing incentives for participation in the leniency program of the U.S. Department of Justice.

Benefits of a Nonprofit Corporation

A "nonprofit" corporation may seem like a misnomer if activities of the corporation generate a profit. However, if the objective of the nonprofit corporation is not to make a profit but to achieve charitable, educational, religious, literary, or scientific goals, then those profits normally would not be subject to federal taxation. This feature of a nonprofit corporation has led to use of the term "501(c)(3) corporation" in recognition of the section of the Internal Revenue Code that provides for the exemption from taxation.

Reparations for Losses Resulting from Violations of Commodities Trading Laws

(Reparations for Losses Resulting from Violations of Commodities Trading Laws)

Minority Shareholder Remedies

Shareholders who control corporations either through majority ownership or ownership of sufficient shares in a particular corporate structure to exercise control have a duty of fairness to minority shareholders. In addition to such fairness required by courts, corporation statutes of most states provide for additional remedies for minority shareholders. Those remedies include appraisal rights, dissolution, and judicial intervention.

The Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board

Municipal bonds and other securities offerings by governmental entities generally are exempt from federal securities law registration requirements. However, information about such offerings is available from sources other than the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.